version 3.23

# Factorize Boolean expressions

## Description

This function finds all combinations of common factors in a Boolean expression written in SOP - Sum Of Products form.

## Usage

    factorize(input, snames = "", noflevels, pos = FALSE, ...)

## Arguments

`input` |  |  |  | A string containing the SOP expression, or an object of class `"qca"`.
`snames` |  |  |  | A string containing the sets' names, separated by commas.
`noflevels` |  |  |  | Numerical vector containing the number of levels for each set.
`pos` |  |  |  | Logical, if possible factorize using product(s) of sums.
`...` |  |  |  | Other arguments (mainly for backwards compatibility).

## Details

Factorization is a process of finding common factors in a Boolean expression, written in a SOP - sum of products (or DNF - disjunctive normal form). Whenever possible, the factorization can also be performed in a POS - product of sums form.

Conjunctions should preferably be indicated with a star `*` sign, but this is not necessary when conditions have single letters or when the expression is expressed in multi-value notation.

The number of levels in `noflevels` is needed only when negating multivalue conditions, and it should complement the `snames` argument.

If `input` is an object of class `"qca"` (the result of the `minimize()` function), a factorization is performed for each of the minimized solutions.

## Value

A named list, each component containing all possible factorizations of the input expression(s), found in the name(s).

## References

Ragin, C.C. (1987) The Comparative Method. Moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies, Berkeley: University of California Press

## Examples

    # typical example with redundant conditions
    factorize("a~b~cd + a~bc~d + a~bcd + abc~d")

    F1: a(~bd + c~d)
    F2: a~b(c + d) + abc~d
    F3: a~b~cd + ac(~b + ~d)
    F4: a~bd + ac~d
    F5: a(~b~cd + bc~d) + a~bc

    # results presented in alphabetical order
    factorize("~one*two*~four + ~one*three + three*~four")

    F1: ~four*(three + ~one*two) + ~one*three
    F2: ~four*three + ~one*(three + ~four*two)
    F3: ~four*~one*two + three*(~four + ~one)

    # to preserve a certain order of the set names
    factorize("~one*two*~four + ~one*three + three*~four",
              snames = "one, two, three, four")

    F1: ~one*(three + two*~four) + three*~four
    F2: ~one*two*~four + three*(~one + ~four)
    F3: ~four*(three + ~one*two) + ~one*three

    # using pos - products of sums
    factorize("~a~c + ~ad + ~b~c + ~bd", pos = TRUE)

    F1: (~a + ~b)(~c + d)

    # using an object of class "qca" produced with minimize()
    pCVF <- minimize(CVF, outcome = "PROTEST", incl.cut = 0.8,
                     include = "?", use.letters = TRUE)

    factorize(pCVF)

    M1: ~E + ~A*B*D + A*B*C + A*C*D
      F1: ~E + ~A*B*D + A*C*(B + D)
      F2: ~E + A*C*D + B*(~A*D + A*C)
      F3: ~E + A*B*C + D*(~A*B + A*C)

    M2: ~E + ~A*B*D + A*B*~D + A*C*D
      F1: ~E + ~A*B*D + A*(B*~D + C*D)
      F2: ~E + A*C*D + B*(~A*D + A*~D)
      F3: ~E + A*B*~D + D*(~A*B + A*C)

    M3: ~E + A*B*C + A*C*D + B*C*D
      F1: ~E + B*C*D + A*C*(B + D)
      F2: ~E + A*C*D + B*C*(A + D)
      F3: ~E + C*(A*B + A*D + B*D)
      F4: ~E + A*B*C + C*D*(A + B)

    M4: ~E + A*B*~D + A*C*D + B*C*D
      F1: ~E + B*C*D + A*(B*~D + C*D)
      F2: ~E + A*C*D + B*(A*~D + C*D)
      F3: ~E + A*B*~D + C*D*(A + B)

    # using an object of class "deMorgan" produced with negate()
    factorize(negate(pCVF))

    M1: ~A~BE + ~A~DE + A~CE + ~B~DE
      F1: E(~A~B + ~A~D + A~C + ~B~D)
      F2: ~AE(~B + ~D) + E(A~C + ~B~D)
      F3: ~BE(~A + ~D) + E(~A~D + A~C)
      F4: ~DE(~A + ~B) + E(~A~B + A~C)

    M2: ~A~BE + ~A~DE + ~B~DE + A~CDE
      F1: E(~A~B + ~A~D + ~B~D + A~CD)
      F2: ~AE(~B + ~D) + E(~B~D + A~CD)
      F3: ~BE(~A + ~D) + E(~A~D + A~CD)
      F4: ~DE(~A + ~B) + E(~A~B + A~CD)

    M3: ~CE + ~A~BE + ~A~DE + ~B~DE
      F1: E(~C + ~A~B + ~A~D + ~B~D)
      F2: ~AE(~B + ~D) + E(~C + ~B~D)
      F3: ~BE(~A + ~D) + E(~C + ~A~D)
      F4: ~DE(~A + ~B) + E(~C + ~A~B)

    M4: ~A~BE + ~A~DE + ~B~DE + ~CDE
      F1: E(~A~B + ~A~D + ~B~D + ~CD)
      F2: ~AE(~B + ~D) + E(~B~D + ~CD)
      F3: ~BE(~A + ~D) + E(~A~D + ~CD)
      F4: ~DE(~A + ~B) + E(~A~B + ~CD)

## Author

Adrian Dusa