version 3.23

# Create and solve a prime implicants chart

## Description

These functions help creating a demo for a prime implicant chart, and also show how to solve it using a minimum number of prime implicants.

## Usage

    makeChart(primes = "", configs = "", snames = "", mv = FALSE,
              collapse = "*", ...)
    findmin(chart, ...)
    solveChart(chart, row.dom = FALSE, all.sol = FALSE, depth = NULL, max.comb = 0,
              first.min = FALSE, ...)

## Arguments

`primes` |  |  |  | A string containing prime implicants, separated by commas, or a matrix of implicants.
`configs` |  |  |  | A string containing causal configurations, separated by commas, or a matrix of causal configurations in the implicants space.
`snames` |  |  |  | A string containing the sets' names, separated by commas.
`mv` |  |  |  | Logical, write row and column names in multi-value notation.
`collapse` |  |  |  | Scalar character, how to collapse different parts of the row or column names.
`chart` |  |  |  | An object of class `"QCA_pic"` or a logical matrix.
`row.dom` |  |  |  | Logical, apply row dominance to eliminate redundant prime implicants.
`all.sol` |  |  |  | Derive all possible solutions, irrespective if the disjunctive number of prime implicants is minimal or not.
`depth` |  |  |  | A maximum number of prime implicants for any disjunctive solution.
`max.comb` |  |  |  | Numeric real, to limit the size of the PI chart (see Details).
`first.min` |  |  |  | Logical, to return only the very first minimal solution (see Details).
`...` |  |  |  | Other arguments (mainly for backwards compatibility).

## Details

A PI chart, in this package, is a logical matrix (with `TRUE`/`FALSE` values), containing the prime implicants on the rows and the starting configurations of causal conditions, on the columns, like the one produced by `makeChart()`. It is useful to determine visually which prime implicant (if any) is essential.

When `primes` and `configs` are character, the individual sets are identified using the function `translate()`, using the SOP - Sum Of Products form, which needs the set names in the absence of any other information. If products are formed using the standard `*` operator, specifying the set names is not mandatory.

When `primes` and `configs` are matrices, they have to be specified at implicants level, where the value `0` is interpreted as a minimized literal.

The chart is subsequently processed algorithmically by `solveChart()` to find the absolute minimal number `M` of rows (prime implicants) necessary to cover all columns, then searches through all possible combinations of `M` rows, to find those which actually cover the columns.

The number of all possible combinations of `M` rows increases exponentially with the number of prime implicants generated by the Quine-McCluskey minimization procedure, and the solving time quickly grows towards infinity for large PI charts.

To solve the chart in a minimal time, the redundant prime implicants need to first be eliminated. This is the purpose of the argument `row.dom`. When activated, it eliminates the dominated rows (those which cover a smaller number of columns than another, dominant prime implicant).

The identification of the full model space (including the non-minimal solutions) requires the entire PI chart and is guaranteed to consume a lot of time (towards infinity for very large PI charts). This is done by activating the argument `all.sol`, which automatically deactivates the argument `row.dom`.

The argument `depth` is relevant only when the argument `all.sol` is activated, and it is automatically increased if the minimal number of rows `M` needed to cover all columns is larger. By default, it bounds the disjunctive solutions to at most 5 prime implicants, but this number can be increased to widen the search space, with a cost of increasing the search time.

The argument `max.comb` sets a maximum number of combinations to find solutions. It is counted in (fractions of) billions, defaulted at zero to signal searching to the maximum possible extent. If too complex, the search is stopped and the algorithm returns all found solutions up to that point.

For extremly difficult PI charts, the argument`first.min` controls returning only one (the very first found) solution.

## Value

For `makeChart`: a logical matrix of class `"QCA_pic"`.

For `findmin`: a numerical scalar.

For `solveChart`: a matrix containing all possible combinations of PI chart rows necessary to cover all its columns.

## References

Quine, W.V. (1952) The Problem of Simplifying Truth Functions, The American Mathematical Monthly, vol.59, no.8. (Oct., 1952), pp.521-531.

Ragin, C.C. (1987) The Comparative Method. Moving beyond qualitative and quantitative strategies, Berkeley: University of California Press

## Examples

    # non-standard products, it needs the set names
    chart <- makeChart("a, b, ~c", "abc, a~b~c, a~bc, ~ab~c")
    chart

         abc   a~b~c a~bc  ~ab~c
    a      x     x     x     -
    b      x     -     -     x
    ~c     -     x     -     x

    findmin(chart)

    [1] 2

    solveChart(chart)
    # first and second rows (a + b)
    # and first and third rows (a + ~c)
    # a is an essential prime implicant
    #  a + b  a + ~c

         [,1]   [,2]
    [1,]    1      1
    [2,]    2      3

    # using SOP standard product sign
    rows <- "EF, ~GH, IJ"
    cols <- "~EF*~GH*IJ, EF*GH*~IJ, ~EF*GH*IJ, EF*~GH*~IJ"
    chart <- makeChart(rows, cols)
    chart

        ~EF*~GH*IJ EF*GH*~IJ ~EF*GH*IJ EF*~GH*~IJ
    EF      -          x         -         x
    ~GH     x          -         -         x
    IJ      x          -         x         -

    solveChart(chart)
    # ~GH is redundant
    #  EF + IJ

         [,1]
    [1,]    1
    [2,]    3

    # using implicant matrices
    primes <- matrix(c(2,2,1,0,2,2,0,2,2,2), nrow = 2)
    configs <- matrix(c(2,2,2,1,1,2,2,2,2,1,2,2,2,2,2), nrow = 3)
    colnames(primes) <- colnames(configs) <- letters[1:5]

    # the prime implicants: a~bce and acde
    primes

         a b c d e
    [1,] 2 1 2 0 2
    [2,] 2 0 2 2 2

    # the initial causal combinations: a~bc~de, a~bcde and abcde
    configs

         a b c d e
    [1,] 2 1 2 1 2
    [2,] 2 1 2 2 2
    [3,] 2 2 2 2 2

    chartLC <- makeChart(primes, configs, collapse = "")
    chartLC

            a~bc~de a~bcde   abcde
    a~bce      x       x       -
    acde       -       x       x

## Author

Adrian Dusa